a life for a life
The belief that a god might accept one person’s death in place of another’s.
The Plague at My Country House, and a Life for a Life
Aelius Aristides, Sacred Tales II and V · early 170s CE (plague events of the mid-160s, probably 165 or 166)
οὕτω τόν τε ἄχρι ‖J301‖ τούτου χρόνον δωρεὰν ἔσχον παρὰ τῶν θεῶν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἀνεβίων ὑπὸ τοῖς θεοῖς καί τις οἷον ἀντίδοσις αὕτη συνέβη.
So I had held the years up to that point as a gift from the gods, and after that I lived again in their keeping. It was a kind of exchange.
ἐνεγέγραπτο μὲν τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ἐμὸν οὑτωσὶ, Αἴλιος Ἀριστείδης· καὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ διαλειμμάτων ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα ἐπίσημα τοῦ ὀνόματος· προσενεγέγραπτο δὲ Σωσιμένης καὶ ἕτερα τοιαῦτα σωτηρίαν ἐπαγγελλόμενα, καὶ ὅτι ἡ Φιλουμένη ψυχὴν ἀντὶ ψυχῆς καὶ σῶμα ἀντὶ σώματος ἀντέδωκε, τὰ αὑτῆς ἀντὶ τῶν ἐμῶν.
My name was written in full: Aelius Aristides. Here and there, at intervals, other titles were added to my name. The name Sosimenes was written there too, with other words like it that promised safety. And it said that Philumene had given a life for a life, a body for a body: she gave hers in place of mine.
ταύτης τῆς κόρης Ἑρμείας ἐκεῖνος ἀδελφὸς ἦν, ὃς ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ νόσῳ, ὅτε καὶ ἡ θεὸς ἐφάνη μοι, ἀπέθανε καὶ αὐτὸς σχεδὸν ὡς εἰπεῖν ἀντʼ ἐμοῦ.
This girl's brother was the Hermias who died during the great sickness, when the goddess appeared to me. He too died, one might almost say, in my place.