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   <titleStmt><title>Discourse on Epidemic Qi, and a Brother's Letter</title><author>Cao Zhi and Cao Pi, quoted in the Taiping yulan (Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era), chapter 742</author><editor>Hearth Interactive</editor></titleStmt>
   <publicationStmt><publisher>Hearth Library</publisher><ptr target="https://library.hearthinteractive.com/sources/oial-p04"/></publicationStmt>
   <sourceDesc><bibl>Taiping yulan 太平御覽 (compiled 977–983), juan 742 (疾病部五, 疫癘), leaf 14a–14b, Wenyuan ge 文淵閣 manuscript copy of the Siku quanshu 四庫全書 (checked Qianlong 45, about 1780). Digital text: Kanseki Repository KR3k0012, branch WYG (commit fcd4315). Collated with Zhang Pu 張溥, Han Wei Liuchao baisan jia ji, juan 26, leaves 96a–96b (Siku quanshu copy; KR4h0134, commit 37b6462), the Song printing (KR3k0012 SBCK transcription), the quotations of both texts in Liu Zhao's commentary on the Hou Han shu treatise on the Five Phases (KR2a0009, juan 27, commit 6db36b6), and, for Cao Pi's lines, the Wenxuan 文選, juan 42 (KR4h0001, commit b209c1a); collation only. Authors' text only.</bibl></sourceDesc>
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  <listPerson><person xml:id="x-person_xu-gan"><persName>Xu Gan (徐幹)</persName><note>Writer at the Cao court, one of the Seven Masters of the Jian'an era; died in the epidemic of 217.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_chen-lin"><persName>Chen Lin (陳琳)</persName><note>Writer at the Cao court, one of the Seven Masters of the Jian'an era; died in the epidemic of 217.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_ying-yang"><persName>Ying Yang (應瑒)</persName><note>Writer at the Cao court, one of the Seven Masters of the Jian'an era; died in the epidemic of 217.</note></person><person xml:id="x-person_liu-zhen"><persName>Liu Zhen (劉楨)</persName><note>Writer at the Cao court, one of the Seven Masters of the Jian'an era; died in the epidemic of 217.</note></person></listPerson>
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  <list type="ideas-and-dates"><item xml:id="x-date_jianan-22">Jian'an 22 (建安二十二年) <note>The 22nd year of the Jian'an reign period of the last Han emperor.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_epidemic">epidemic, plague, pestilence <note>The words the writers themselves used for an epidemic: Greek *loimos* and *nosos*, Latin *pestis*, *pestilentia* and *mortalitas*, Chinese 疫 *yi*, Japanese 疫瘡 &quot;epidemic sores&quot;.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_qi">qi (氣) <note>The vital breath or energy that Chinese thinkers saw in the body and in the world.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_ghosts-and-spirits">ghosts and spirits (鬼神) <note>Many people in early China believed that ghosts of the dead and other spirits caused illness.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_rich-and-poor">rich and poor <note>Whether the epidemic struck rich and poor alike.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_yin-yang">yin and yang (陰陽) <note>Paired forces, such as dark and light or cold and heat. Scholars and doctors alike held that when they left their proper places, or the seasons came out of order, sickness followed.</note></item><item xml:id="x-idea_talismans">talismans (符) <note>Written charms bearing sacred signs or commands to spirits, hung on doors or worn to drive away the spirits believed to cause disease.</note></item></list>
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   <ab xml:id="x-_1_" n="[1]"><seg xml:id="x-_1_-p0"><date ref="#x-date_jianan-22">建安二十二年</date></seg><seg xml:id="x-_1_-p1"><term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">癘</term><term ref="#x-idea_qi">氣</term></seg><seg xml:id="x-_1_-p2">流行</seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_2_" n="[2]"><seg xml:id="x-_2_-p0">家家</seg><seg xml:id="x-_2_-p1">有僵尸之痛</seg><seg xml:id="x-_2_-p2">室室</seg><seg xml:id="x-_2_-p3">有號泣之哀</seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_3_" n="[3]"><seg xml:id="x-_3_-p0">或闔門而殪</seg><seg xml:id="x-_3_-p1">或覆族而䘮</seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_4_" n="[4]"><seg xml:id="x-_4_-p0">或</seg><seg xml:id="x-_4_-p1">以為</seg><seg xml:id="x-_4_-p2"><term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">疫</term>者</seg><seg xml:id="x-_4_-p3"><term ref="#x-idea_ghosts-and-spirits">鬼神</term></seg><seg xml:id="x-_4_-p4">所作</seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_5_" n="[5]"><seg xml:id="x-_5_-p0">夫</seg><seg xml:id="x-_5_-p1">罹此者</seg><seg xml:id="x-_5_-p2">悉<term ref="#x-idea_rich-and-poor">被褐茹藿之子</term></seg><seg xml:id="x-_5_-p3">荆室蓬戶之人</seg><seg xml:id="x-_5_-p4">耳</seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_6_" n="[6]"><seg xml:id="x-_6_-p0">若夫</seg><seg xml:id="x-_6_-p1"><term ref="#x-idea_rich-and-poor">殿處鼎食之家</term></seg><seg xml:id="x-_6_-p2">重貂累蓐之門</seg><seg xml:id="x-_6_-p3">若是者鮮焉</seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_7_" n="[7]"><seg xml:id="x-_7_-p0">此乃</seg><seg xml:id="x-_7_-p1"><term ref="#x-idea_yin-yang">隂陽</term>失位</seg><seg xml:id="x-_7_-p2">寒暑錯時</seg><seg xml:id="x-_7_-p3">是故</seg><seg xml:id="x-_7_-p4">生<term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">疫</term></seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_8_" n="[8]"><seg xml:id="x-_8_-p0">而</seg><seg xml:id="x-_8_-p1">愚民</seg><seg xml:id="x-_8_-p2">懸<term ref="#x-idea_talismans">符</term></seg><seg xml:id="x-_8_-p3">厭之</seg><seg xml:id="x-_8_-p4">亦可笑也</seg></ab>
   <ab xml:id="x-_9_" n="[9]"><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p0">昔年</seg><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p1"><term ref="#x-idea_epidemic">疾疫</term></seg><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p2">親故</seg><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p3">多</seg><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p4">罹其災</seg><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p5"><persName ref="#x-person_xu-gan">徐</persName><persName ref="#x-person_chen-lin">陳</persName><persName ref="#x-person_ying-yang">應</persName><persName ref="#x-person_liu-zhen">劉</persName></seg><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p6">一時</seg><seg xml:id="x-_9_-p7">俱逝</seg></ab>
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   <ab n="[1]" corresp="#x-_1_"><seg xml:id="x-_1_-en0">In the twenty-second year of the Jian'an era [217],</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_1_-en1">a pestilent qi</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_1_-en2">spread through the land.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[2]" corresp="#x-_2_"><seg xml:id="x-_2_-en0">Every household</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_2_-en1">knew the pain of stiff corpses,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_2_-en2">and every home</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_2_-en3">was filled with the grief of wailing and weeping.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[3]" corresp="#x-_3_"><seg xml:id="x-_3_-en0">Some households died to the last person,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_3_-en1">and some whole clans were wiped out.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[4]" corresp="#x-_4_"><seg xml:id="x-_4_-en0">Some people</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_4_-en1">thought</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_4_-en2">the epidemic</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_4_-en4">was the work of</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_4_-en3">ghosts and spirits.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[5]" corresp="#x-_5_"><seg xml:id="x-_5_-en0">But</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_5_-en1">everyone it struck</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_5_-en2">was someone who wore coarse cloth and ate bean leaves,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_5_-en3">someone who lived in a hut of thorn branches behind a door of woven brush.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[6]" corresp="#x-_6_"><seg xml:id="x-_6_-en0">As for</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_6_-en1">the families who lived in great halls and ate from cauldrons,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_6_-en2">the households with layers of sable furs and piles of bedding,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_6_-en3">few such families were among the sick.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[7]" corresp="#x-_7_"><seg xml:id="x-_7_-en0">What happened is this:</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_7_-en1">yin and yang had left their proper places,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_7_-en2">and cold and heat had come at the wrong times.</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_7_-en3">That is why</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_7_-en4">the epidemic arose.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[8]" corresp="#x-_8_"><seg xml:id="x-_8_-en0">And yet</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_8_-en1">foolish common folk</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_8_-en2">hang up talismans</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_8_-en3">to ward it off.</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_8_-en4">That too is laughable.</seg></ab>
   <ab n="[9]" corresp="#x-_9_"><seg xml:id="x-_9_-en0">Some time ago,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_9_-en1">when the epidemic came,</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_9_-en3">many of</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_9_-en2">my relatives and old friends</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_9_-en4">were struck by the disaster.</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_9_-en5">Xu, Chen, Ying, and Liu</seg> [four writers at the Cao court] <seg xml:id="x-_9_-en7">all died</seg> <seg xml:id="x-_9_-en6">within a short time.</seg></ab>
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  <div type="translation" xml:lang="es">
   <ab n="[1]" corresp="#x-_1_">En el año veintidós de la era Jian'an [217], un qi pestilente se extendió por el país.</ab>
   <ab n="[2]" corresp="#x-_2_">En cada casa se sufría el dolor de los cadáveres rígidos, y en cada hogar se oían llantos y gritos de dolor.</ab>
   <ab n="[3]" corresp="#x-_3_">Algunas familias murieron hasta la última persona, y algunos clanes enteros desaparecieron.</ab>
   <ab n="[4]" corresp="#x-_4_">Algunas personas creían que la epidemia era obra de fantasmas y espíritus.</ab>
   <ab n="[5]" corresp="#x-_5_">Pero todos a los que atacó eran gente que vestía ropa basta y comía hojas de frijol, gente que vivía en chozas de ramas espinosas, detrás de una puerta de maleza tejida.</ab>
   <ab n="[6]" corresp="#x-_6_">En cambio, entre las familias que vivían en grandes salones y comían de calderos, las casas con capas de pieles de marta y montones de colchones, pocas tuvieron enfermos.</ab>
   <ab n="[7]" corresp="#x-_7_">Lo que pasó es esto: el yin y el yang habían dejado su lugar, y el frío y el calor habían llegado a destiempo. Por eso surgió la epidemia.</ab>
   <ab n="[8]" corresp="#x-_8_">Y aun así, la gente ignorante cuelga amuletos escritos para alejarla. Eso también da risa.</ab>
   <ab n="[9]" corresp="#x-_9_">Hace un tiempo, cuando llegó la epidemia, muchos de mis parientes y viejos amigos sufrieron la desgracia. Xu, Chen, Ying y Liu [cuatro escritores de la corte de los Cao] murieron todos en poco tiempo.</ab>
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